SPANISH RECONQUISTA ARMIES

This extension for “Croisades” was written by Christian Delabos and published in Claymore magazine #9. This extension consists of rules for troop types used in the Spanish crusades against the Moors, plus two scenarios that were also in that issue of Claymore, one by Christian Delabos and one by Fabrice Renier. Both the rules and the scenarios were translated by Bob Gingell.

THE ARMIES OF THE RECONQUISTA (12th – 13th CENTURIES) by Christian Delabos

A game aid for “Croisades” and “Cry Havoc”. Here are army lists that will allow you to simulate various confrontations that took place during the reconquest of the Iberian peninsula by the Christians.

THE CHRISTIAN ARMIES
In creating these Spanish and Portuguese you will need counters for knights, sergeants, halberdiers, billmen, spearmen, archers, crossbowmen and peasants from “Cry Havoc” and “Siege”. However, you can add to these some specific troop types.

The religious orders: The Reconquista was a crusade and the religious orders founded houses there inspired by those in the Holy Land. In addition to the Templars and Hospitallers were added the Orders of Calatrava, of Saint James [Santiago], of Alcantara, of Avis, of Our Lady of Montjoie, of St George of Alfama, of Mercedaria, and of Sao Thiago (a Portuguese order). To represent these orders, use the Templar knights and chaplains from “Croisades”: Sir Roger, Sir Amalric, Sir Balian, Sir Dreux, Sir Raoul, Sir Michael, Sir Walter, Sir Gerard; Claude, Engeram, Ernest, Geoffrey. 

Jinetes: In the 12th century the rulers of Aragon included within their armies Berber light cavalry, originally from the Zanata tribe. The Castillians for their part trained Spanish cavalrymen to fight in the Berber manner. The Jinetes were mounted javelinmen (carrying 3 javelins). The rules from Claymore #6 should be used for these troops [see below]. The bedouins from “Croisades” can represent jinetes: Al-ashraf, Kitbuga, Rukn, Ismail, Thatoul, Mehmet. 

Bidets: These Aragonese, Navarese and Basque javelinmen formed a very reliable light infantry. Apply all the rules from “Croisades” for javelinmen, but limit the number of javelins carried to two. The ceorls from “Vikings” shown carrying spears will represent these Bidets: Aelfric, Aelmaer, Aethelberht, Eardwulf, Weohstan.  

Staff slingers: Militiamen from Spanish towns sometimes carried staff slings, powerful weapons that could throw stones or firepots. The frequency of fire for staff slings is limited to offensive fire. Staff slingers who shoot cannot move in the following movement phase. To determine the effect of shots from staff slings, consult the “longbow and sling” results table. 

Modifications consequent on range

Range	Short	Medium	Long	
Modification	0	+1	+2	
Distance	1-15 hexes	16-30 hexes	31-50 hexes	

For all siege scenarios set in Spain, each side should have at least 1 staff slinger. In fact it was mainly during siege-related situations that this type of soldier was used. The best representations of such militiamen are the quarterstaff-armed peasants from “Vikings”: Cerdic, Eadwig, Ecgulf.
[No rules were given for staff slings used for throwing firepots; a set of rules for this is proposed below, as a compromise between rules for throwing firepots by hand and rules for shooting explosive arrows.]

THE MUSLIM ARMIES
The Muslim armies in Spain differed from those in the Middle East by their very important employment of javelinmen and Christian mercenaries.

Bodyguards: The Andalusian sultans had at their disposal a very loyal personal guard (as long as treason had been registered). To simulate the loyalty of these soldiers, results of “retreat” from the combat results table are ignored. This rule only applies if the sultan is less than 12 hexes distant from the guards involved in the combat. [Note also the rule from “Croisades” that all troops within 5 hexes of the commander-in-chief gain a bonus of (+) in attack and defence.] To represent these guardsmen use the Seljuk infantrymen and dismounted light Mamluks from “Croisades”: Shammin, Farhad, Mohammed, Ageel; Baha, Taki, Yaghi, Fa’iz, Vezelay, Rashid.

Moorish heavy cavalry: For these the Seljuk and Syrian heavy cavalry will serve very well. However, in scenarios taking place in the 13th century, you should use a few knights from “Cry Havoc” to represent the many Grenadine cavalrymen who had adopted Western equipment. Murda, As-Salih, Kilij, Ashok, Mohammed, Moonga, Suejac, Nassim. 13th century Grenadines: Sir Richard, Sir Roland, Sir Thomas, Sir Gunter, Sir James, Sir Clugney.  

Andalusian and Berber light cavalry: These light cavalrymen were primarily javelinmen. Their armament consisted of a buckler, a sword, 3 javelins and sometimes a bow. We will consider all of these cavalrymen to be javelinmen (using the rules from Claymore #6 [see below]), and use the counters for bedouins and turcoploes from “Croisades” to represent them. Al-ashraf, Kitbuga, Rukn, Ismail, Thatoul, Mehmet; Arnulf, Kamal, Merton, Mosul, Tamara.

Moorish infantry: Missile-men predominated among the Moorish infantry in Spain.
Javelinmen will be represented by the Sudanese javelinmen, the Fatimid infantrymen and the Syrian infantrymen from “Croisades: Shazir, Abdoul, Youssef, Essem, Said, Taqi; Gashan, Anwar, Magid, Mohsen, Yassafa; Ahmed, Hashmi, Ibrahim, Jamil, Husseyin, Baysan, Mesut, Abdul, Ali, Tossaun.
Archers utilise Sudanese bowmen and dismounted horse archers from “Croisades”: Jellal, Mustafa, Sadik, Osewl; Yesugai, Arghan, Ruzzik, Bar, Ayub, Fakr, Imad, Mongka, Qutuz, Rashid, Usamah. 
Crossbowmen: The crossbow, imported from Christian territories, gradually became a traditional weapon in Moorish armies, and we can use the crossbowmen from “Cry Havoc” and the Muslim crossbowmen from “Croisades”. Abdul, Farhat, Junaid, Nayeen, Jehangir, Khaleed; Jacopa, Codemar, Francisco, Nicholas, Arbalister, Giles, Denys.  
Slingers: The sling was a weapon at least as popular among the Muslims as among the Christians. Use the counters from “Croisades”: Jalil, Mustaq, Omar.

Mozarabs: Mercenaries or Christian subjects of the Muslim rulers, the Mozarabs made up a very valuable heavy infantry. Equipped with coats of mail, and a mail hood or steel helmet, these soldiers resemble in all ways the billmen from “Cry Havoc” and “Siege”: Tybalt, Robin, Rees, Guy, Jean, Godric, Cliff, Shawn.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ian Heath: Armies of Feudal Europe 1066-1300, W.R.G. 1989
Jean-Pierre Molenat: “Les Mozarabes – un exemple d’intégration” [The Mozarabs – an example of integration] in Tolède XIIème-XIIIème [Toledo in the 12th and 13th centuries], Editions Autrement, February 1991.

SPECIAL RULES FROM OTHER ISSUES OF CLAYMORE

1.	Mounted javelinmen (rules by Hervé Tardy published in Claymore #6)
This type of battlefield specialist is discovered as much among the Bretons from Nominoë (in the 9th century) as among the Turcomans of the Middle East. You can also find these men among the steppe nomads (Cumans, Petchenegs, etc…), among the Moslems of Spain, among the Aragonese (in the 13th and 14th centuries) and among the Irish [and Picts, according to Claymore #13/14]. 

The mounted javelinmen are necessarily light cavalry and they cannot carry more than 3 javelins.
To be able to throw a javelin, the thrower must always have the target in his frontal arc.
								____________________________
Example 1: C can throw at A1 and A2 			___|____  |__*__|__*__|__*__|__*
in frontal arc (*), but not at A3 and A4.			|_A3__|____C_>___|__*__|__*__|
								___|_____|__*__|__*__|_A2_ |__*
A javelinman can throw over a friendly			|_A4__|__*__|_A1__|__*__|__*__|
foot character, if he is adjacent to him. 			________________________	
This is not possible if the target is less 			|_____|____C_>____|__*__|_
than 3 hexes away from the thrower.				___|_____|__B__|__*__ |__*_
								|_____|__A3_|__*___|__*__|_
Example 2: C can fire at A1 and A2, but not at A3.		___|__*__|__A2_|__A1_|__*_

Modifications to die roll due to range for mounted javelin

Range	Short 	Medium	Long	
Distance	1-4 hexes	5-10 hexes	11-15 hexes	
Modification	 0	 +1	 +2	

For the result of the missile-fire, consult the tables [for javelins] from “Croisades”. [Mounted javelinmen can be represented by the 6 Turcopoles (and the 6 Bedouins in the Spanish Reconquista extension) from “Croisades”, and Santiago and Simon from “Dragon Noir”.]

Frequency of fire and movement: Offensive fire only, no limitation on movement.
Purchase Cost / Points value: 2x Attack Strength + 1x Defence Strength.

2.	Firepots thrown by staff slings 
[This rule is provided as an option since firepots are mentioned as being thrown by staff slings. The rule adapts and combines the rules for explosive arrows by Fabrice Renier in Claymore #10 and the rules for firepots by Hervé Delattre published in Claymore #3.] 

The rule concerns earthenware pots, which were the ancestors of hand grenades. Firepots appeared in antiquity and disappeared with the arrival of gunpowder in the West. A writer of this era has provided this description: “These are pots where fire sleeps, that suddenly explode in a flash, burning up the objects struck”.

The method of manufacture of this type of weapon was kept secret, and to this day we still do not know the exact formula for the combustible materials which burned even in contact with water. Possibly to oil were added quicklime, sulphur, pitch and saltpetre. The weapons were thrown by hand, by means of a staff sling, or by torsion-powered artillery (mangonels and trebuchets). The pots were used to set on fire anything wooden – gates, barricades, walkways, ships, siege engines…

The original firepot rules applied only to throwing firepots by hand, and included a high risk of the firepot falling short. Throwing a firepot with a staff-sling is more accurate, but should still have a significant risk of failure (a 30% risk of explosion in the firer’s hex applies to both firepots and explosive arrows). It is quite like shooting an explosive arrow from a bow, and is only possible during offensive fire. [It is optionally suggested that it should only be possible to throw it at short range, like the flaming arrows in the rules for “Siege”.] The fuse must first be lit, one of the most dangerous moments for the slinger. The player rolls 1D10, and on 1-3 it explodes and a fire starts in the thrower’s hex.

If the firepot has not exploded, the player designates a target hex and rolls 1D6 to see if the fire has any effect on adjacent hexes around the target. 1 means that only the target hex is affected, 2-6 means that one adjacent hex, counting clockwise from lower left, is also affected (the hex immediately in front of the target is never affected – 6 is the hex on lower right). [This rule on a wide impact zone is based on that for explosive arrows, and is justified by the fact that a firepot thrown by a staff-sling will be thrown harder and fall from a greater height, which will spread its effect over a larger area than would be the case with a pot thrown by hand.]

After the pot has been thrown, it cannot be recovered. Each thrower can only carry one pot, but it is always possible to pick up an unused one from dead or stunned characters.

Fire will always appear on the hex hit if it contains cloth [e.g. tents, people] or wood. Use the rules from “Siege” for the progress of the fire.

ALARCOS, 19 July 1195
A scenario by Christian Delabos for “Croisades” and “Siege” plus two copies of ‘The Crossroads’ map from “Cry Havoc”. Translated by Bob Gingell.

1.	Background: Spain, 19 July 1195: Alfonso VIII, King of Castille, was confronted near Alarcos by a large Almohad army led by the Caliph Yusuf Ya’qub al Mansur. Alongside the Castillian monarch were many Grand Masters of the military-religious orders. Alfonso launched his knights against the centre of the Muslim army so as to destroy the Almohad cavalry, and if possible to kill the caliph …

2.	Map layout		5		7
			8 Crossroads 6 | 8 Crossroads 6
7	5

3.	The sides
The Castillians – King Alfonso VIII: King Richard; Knights: All (from “Siege” and “Croisades”); Lesser knights: All; Sergeants: Morgen, Pugh; Crossbowmen: Alric; 
Archers (shortbows): Owen, Dylan, Idris; Spearmen: Brendan, Mordred, Bryn, Gareth, Arnold. 

The Almohads – Caliph al Mansur: Saladin; Bodyguards (dismounted Mamluks): Baha, Taki, Yaghi, Fa’iz, Vezelay, Rashid; Heavy cavalry: As-Salih, Kilij, Ashok, Mohammed, Moonga, Suejac; Mounted javelinmen: Al-Ashraf, Kitbuga, Rukn, Ismail, Thatoul, Mehmet, Arnulf, Kamal; Javelinmen: Abdoul, Shazir, Youssef, Essem, Said, Taqi, Magid, Mohsen, Yassaffa, Ahmed, Hashmi, Ibrahim, Jamil; 
Archers: Jellal, Mustafa, Sadik, Osewl, Yesugai, Arghun, Ruzzik, Bar, Ayub, Fakr, Imad, Mongka, Qutuz; Crossbowmen: Abdur, Nayeen, Jehangir, Khaleed; Slingers: Omar, Jalil, Mustaq.

4.	Starting positions and beginning the action
-	The Almohad cavalry enter first through one of the Side 5 + Side 7 map-edge, and start the game. 
-	The Spanish cavalry and the King then enter through the opposite map-edge. 
-	The Almohad infantry (except the Guards) enter through the same map-edge as the cavalry on Turn 3. 
-	The Almohad Guards and the Caliph enter on Turn 5. 
-	The Castillian infantry enter through the same map-edge as their cavalry on Turn 7. 

5.	Special rules: Use all the Reconquista Armies special rules from this extension.

6.	Victory conditions
-	The Castillians must kill or capture the caliph.
-	The Almohads have 2 ways to win: either they must destroy the two lines of enemy cavalry, or they must kill or capture the Castillian ruler.
-	If the caliph or the King leave the map, the opposing side automatically wins the game.

7.	Epilogue: On their third charge, the Castillian knights succeeded in breaking through the enemy line. However, the Almohad infantry and the Negro Guard intevened in the fighting, and the knights found themselves surrounded on all sides. Despite many deeds of valour, Alfonso VIII did not manage to rectify the situation. Denied the support of the cavalry, the Castillian infantry were speedily put to flight. The King of Castille fled and took refuge in the castle of Guadalherza. The Castillian losses rose as high as 20,000 men killed or captured. The Grand Master of the Order of Santiago was among the dead.

LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA, 16 July 1212
A scenario by Fabrice Renier for “Croisades”, “Cry Havoc” and “Vikings” plus ‘The Camp’ map from “Siege”. Translated by Bob Gingell.

1.	Background: After the defeat of Alarcos (1195), the Christian kingdoms of Spain gave up their objective of reconquering El-Andalus. Then, due to the influence of Pope Innocent III, the Christian kingdoms made peace with each other and launched an appeal for a Crusade against the Spanish Caliphate. A great army made up of Castillians, Aragonese, Navarese, several Military Orders and Crusaders from France re-launched the movement for reconquest. In July 1212, near Las Navas de Tolosa, the armies of the Spanish and the Almohads confronted one another. The battle started with a small advantage towards the Spanish. Profiting from the desertion of a large number of Andalusians from the Muslim army, the battle division of Sancho VII, King of Navarre, threw itself into the breach and charged towards the Caliph’s camp.

2.	Map layout							The tent	   __________
5		B					 _|  c  |  c  |  c  |_
		Spanish > 8 Crossroads 6 | A The Camp C				|  c  | TENT |  c  |
7		D			(c = chains)	   |  c  |  c  |  c  |
3.	The sides
The Spanish – King Sancho VII: Sir Raymond; Religious Orders: Sir Balian, Sir Dreux, Sir Roger, Sir Raoul, Sir Michael; Barons: Sir Richard, Sir Roland; Knights: Sir Alain, Sir Piers; Mounted sergeants: Baldwin, Guy. Sergeants: Arnim, Tyler; Crossbowmen: Denys, Forester, Jacques; Archers: Aylward, Chretien, Engerrand; Halberdiers: Ben, Frederick, Geoffrey, Hubert, Otto, Tom, Wynken; Bidets (Ceorls): Aelmaer, Aelfric, Aethelbehrt, Eardwulf, Weohstan; Spearmen: Ben, Bertin, Mark, Odo; Peasants: Carpenter, Farmer, Gam, Giles, Radult, Salter, Smith, Wulf.

The Almohads – Caliph Mohammed Abu’ Abd Allah: Murda; Bodyguards (dismounted Mamluks): Baha, Taki, Yaghi, Fa’iz, Vezelay, Rashid; Heavy cavalry: As-Salih, Kilij, Ashok, Mohammed, Moonga, Suejac; Mounted javelinmen: Al-Ashraf, Kitbuga, Rukn, Ismail, Thatoul, Mehmet, Arnulf, Kamal. Javelinmen: Abdoul, Shazir, Youssef, Essem, Said, Taqi, Magid, Mohsen, Yassaffa, Ahmed, Hashmi, Ibrahim, Jamil; Archers: Jellal, Mustafa, Sadik, Osewl; Crossbowmen: Abdur, Nayeen, Jehangir, Khaleed; Slingers: Omar, Jalil, Mustaq.

4.	Starting positions and beginning the action: Place the tent terrain piece in place of the largest central tent on the highest hill of ‘The Camp’ map [i.e. the tent hexes go on hexes K7 and K8.]
-	The Almohads are placed first. At least half the army must be placed on ‘The Crossroads’ map in the area up to 10 rows from map side 6 [map columns A-J].
-	The Caliph and his personal guard must be around the tent.
-	The Spanish enter on Turn 1 through side 8 of ‘The Crossroads’ map, and start the game.

5.	Special rules
-	The tent is surrounded by [a stockade reinforced by] golden chains: characters in the hexes next  to the tent are in advantageous terrain (+) for combat; those hexes are impassable to horses, and cost 2 MPs. [More like trenches than barricades, chains should give light cover from missiles.]
-	The special Reconquista Armies rule for Bodyguards applies in this scenario. 
-	Guardsmen can only move if the Caliph is within 4 hexes at the start of their movement phase.

6.	Victory conditions: The Spanish must destroy the Muslim camp (burn the tents) and/or kill or capture the Caliph. In order to win, the Almohads must prevent the Spanish from achieving their victory conditions and/or kill or capture King Sancho VII of Navarre. 

RDG: Reconquista Extension version 1.0, November 2000